This signifies the start of the tillering stage. Thereafter, some tillers degenerate and the number of tillers stabilizes. Functional analysis revealed that DWT1 acts through a non-cell-autonomous mechanism to promote tiller … Rice tillers were divided into early emerging tillers and late emerging tillers in accordance with their emergence times. Rice ratooning is one of the potential and attractive alternative technologies to increase rice production. (BBSDLP, 2011). Amino acid transporters (AATs) play indispensable roles in nutrient allocation during plant development. Genes involved in nitrogen use efficiency processes have been identified in the previous studies, however, only a small number of these genes have been found to improve grain yield by promoting tillering. The lack of GS1;2 caused decreases in tiller number, rice yields and glutamine and asparagine content in the basal portions of shoots (Funayama et al. Biochemical defenses of rice against Bipolaris oryzae increase with high atmospheric concentration of CO2. 1B,C). In contrast, bud outgrowth marker gene OsFC1 is required for axillary buds outgrowth and has been reported to inhibit rice tiller number (Minakuchi et al., 2010). increase in grain yield in early-emerging tillers (Wang et al., 2016a). The tiller of a rice plant is a shoot which grows either from the nodes of the main stem of the plant or from the tillers themselves. When the tillering stage comes to its end, the plant’s inter-nodes start to grow, leading to an increase … To examine the relationships between tiller bud outgrowth and SL accumulation, we determined the levels of epi-5DS, a previously identified SL in rice seedlings, in shoots (basal part including both apical and tiller buds and elongation zones of leaf sheaths), roots and root exudates by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) using deuterium-labeled epi-5DS as an … Inter-node elongation (stage 3). 2) was not as high as that observed in wild type rice (Fig. According to these researchers, brown spot disease “occurs in all rice-growing regions and is considered one of the main diseases of the crop,” causing grain yield reductions of “up to 90%.” 2013; Ohashi et al. Furthermore, grain number per unit area is significantly increased in response to N application, mainly due to an increase in the contribution of grains produced by tillers (Terrile, Miralles & GonzÆlez, 2017). Khush (1994, 2000) has indicated the importance of high density planting of optimum or even low tillering rice varieties so as to improve the yield potential of rice. ... Auxiliary buds that developed at those bud nodes grew into ratoon tillers. Botany of Paddy Rice is one of the most important food crops in the world and it is the staple food for over 2.7 billion people. Studies in other plant species, including Arabidopsis thaliana and Pisum sativum also show repression by auxin and abscisic acid (ABA), whereas Each rice plant will produce four or five tillers. However, spikelets per panicle and the grain filling of late emerging tillers were significantly lower than that of the main stems or early emerging tillers under all N levels. In this study, we demonstrated that inhibiting expression of the rice amino acid transporter OsAAP3 increased grain yield due to a formation of larger numbers of tillers as a … When the rice group size is optimal, the improved population productivity mainly depends on Every tiller … The early‐emerging tillers possessed the characteristics of long growth period, strong intercepted photosynthetic active radiation, and high C/N ratio in straw. The first tiller usually emerges when the seedling has five leaves. 2015b, 2017), while a lack of AS1 caused a decrease in only asparagine content and had less of an effect on tiller number and glutamine content (Figs. The results revealed that the contributions of late emerging tillers to population rice grain yields improved with increased N levels. Ratoon is a rice plant that grows again to produce new tillers and can produce harvestable grain (Islam et al., 2008). Once these tillers are fully developed, they would develop flowers. ――Dry Weight and Number of Spikelets on Rice Tillers 431 have been made, although the environmental conditions could affect ST. 1>. Increasing rice yield in rainfed fields is one of the major agricultural challenges in Cambodia. Shiratsuchi et al. It was concluded that tiller hierarchy of rice could be minimized for increase of grain yield in the older tillers by manipulation of ethylene production. In addition, the factors affecting these parameters are not clear. Typically, the main stems possessed the highest number of spikelets per panicle, ... causing the late emerging tillers to increase the transport load. Dry preparation is typically practiced for upland rice, but can also be done for lowland fields. Increasing the number of primary tillers and reducing the number of secondaries should also be considered a breeding priority in rice for better synchronized flowering and maturity of tillers. Grain yield of rice (Oryza sativa, L.) tillers is critical to rice crop yield and quality but relatively little is known about variations that occur among panicles and grains for tiller types and emergence orders of direct-seeded rice cultivars. 6, 7, Table 1). Germination (a), emergence (b), and tillering (c). tiller number is reached. The System of Rice Intensification involves cultivating rice with as much organic ... nutrients, and human labour are used to increase productivity from a small but well-tended number of seeds. Rice plant grows a main stem and a number of tillers. However, with the same N level, OsmiR393-overexpressing rice produced more tillers than wild type rice (Fig. However, a balance between number and vigor of tillers is required, as unproductive tillers consume nutrients and can lead to a decreased grain production. The tiller numbers are a characteristic of rice growth. hence, increase yield. Xu et al. Although SP was shown to increase with nitrogen topdressing and thinning (Matsushima, 1957), these treatments do not This new stem would be the tiller. No varietal differences were observed either in the increasing rnte of tiller-age or in the plant-age of the mother stem at the time when each tiller has reached the tiller- *7) Mother stem ... and development of tiller buds in rice plants. The dwt1 mutant exhibits an altered architecture with reduced height of tillers and over-growth of the main shoot panicle. required for the balanced growth of tillers and the main shoot in rice. Rice tiller number is one of the most important factors that determine grain yield, while nitrogen is essential for the crop growth and development, especially for tiller formation. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 110 : 101484. As an answer to this challenge, we focused on the System of Rice Intensification (SRI), which has been reported to increase rice yield while reducing water use, and has actually been adopted by many farmers. The N‐induced enhancement in rice population mainly occurred due to the increase in grain yield of early‐emerging tillers. productive tillers were in the 5th week of inundation. At this point, the main culm may be difficult to distinguish from the tiller. Our findings showed an increase in plant height, number of effective tillers, filled grain per panicle, and grain and straw yield when 75%RDN, BGA and FYM was applied. Being a crop that tillers, the primary tillers (branches) grow from the lowermost nodes of the transplanted seedlings and this will further give rise to secondary and tertiary tillers. The tiller has roots, stems and leaves and may or may not produce a panicle. 1E,B compared to Supplemental Fig. Therefore, one of the efforts to increase rice productivity in tidal swampland is through ratoon rice cultivation. S2). The role of cytokinin in increasing number of branches and spikelets in rice panicle for benefit of grain yield has been corroborated more recently [ 48 , 49 ]. However, it is not clear whether rice yield potential could be further increased if unproductive tillers were reduced or eliminated. Sayar et al . Apart from providing additional production, it also saves 15 reported that water loss can reduce leaf water potential, which is followed by a decrease in turgor, stomata conduction and photosynthesis, thus reducing growth and crop yield. Integrated use of inorganic sources (adequate level), organic and bio-fertilizers seems beneficial compared to only combination of inorganic and FYM (organic) or inorganic and BGA (bio-fertilizer). In direct-seeded rice fields with a normal plant population (10 to 20 plants per square foot), rice plants generally produce two to five panicle-bearing tillers per plant compared to 10 to 30 tillers per plant in transplanted rice where Exogenous IAA treatment at concentrations of 10 μM and 100 μM significantly reduced tiller number in three different rice cultivars. When OsmiR393 was overexpressed, the increase in tiller numbers induced by N fertilizer (Supplemental Fig. A rice plant may develop up to 19 to 54 tillers depending on the factors that influence their growth. In this method, the soils are not puddled and there is no freestanding water in the field. The interaction between the NL and TD is different among diverse plant groups. It requires less water and is effective for soil aeration, and in controlling golden apple snails. The number of tillers increases until maximum tillering. (2005) reported larger tiller angles and more tillers in OsPIN1b RNAi mutant rice plants while no change of tiller angle or number was found in OsPIN1b over-expression lines. From the main stem, another stem would develop. The best height of inundation for the yield of IR.42 ratoon rice grain was 10 cm from the ground. Tillers in rice crops appear as soon the rice crop is selfsupporting [7]. Keywords: ratoon rice, IR-42,Height of inundation, Time of inundation 1. constant, or even decreases, as LAI continues to increase. sion of OsTAC1 results in wider tiller angle and more tillers, while low expression leads to erect tillers with a smaller tiller angle (Yu et al., 2007). For smaller groups, N improves the rice population productivity mainly by increasing tillers number. Because of its agronomic and biological importance, tillering has been widely studied, and numerous works demonstrate that the control Tillering ability is one of the most important traits of the rice plant because it plays a major role in determining grain yield. also known as DWARF17 (D17), could increase tiller number and improve grain yield in rice, and has been widely utilized and co-selected with Semidwarf1 (SD1) since the green revolution (Wang et al., 2020b). In India, area under rice is 44.6 m ha with total output of 80 million tonnes (paddy) with an average productivity of 1855 kg/ha. To increase levels of free IAA, we treated rice plants with three different concentrations of exogenous IAA (1 μM, 10 μM and 100 μM) twice a week by spraying. OsGS1.2, which is a major gene for nitrogen assimilation, has been shown to promote axillary bud outgrowth and increase tiller numbers in rice (Obara et al., 2004; Ohashi et al., 2017). 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