AP Human Geography Lewis . Regarding food, people in MDCs tend to have more access to calories, nutrients, and protein. However, development can also reduce the health and quality of life. This is an ancient story, and it is worth starting at the beginning: at the origin of agriculture. The HDI sets a minimum and a maximum for each dimension, called goalposts, and then shows where each country stands in relation to these… APHG: VI:B2 Analyze spatial patterns of social and economic development – GNI per capita. For transportation, end users are in the areas they want to be. Finally, it is noteworthy that environmental justice is not only about which populations suffer from the burdens of economic development (also known as environmental bads), but also about who has access to environmental goods: that contribute to human health. If we ultimately care about money, then the monetary statistics are good representations of development, and we should be willing to make sacrifices for other things to get more money. In MDCs, the literacy rate is usually around 98 percent, whereas, in LDCs, the literacy rate is about 60 percent. These are places where no data is available. The variation within regions (such as sub-Saharan Africa) and within countries can be more significant than the variation between different regions or countries. Capitalism: An economic system in which businesses are owned by private individuals and companies who are free to decide what to produce and how much to charge. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Often in LDCs, more schools are private than public because the government cannot fund them. These monetary statistics are readily available for countries and other types of places across the world and are very convenient to work with. That map would show, for example, that China has a much larger GDP than, say, Switzerland. The Human Development Index (HDI), created by the United Nations, recognizes that a country’s level of development is a function of economic, social and demographic factors. Where does it end up? Later in this module, we will see some cases in which “development” might not be considered to be good. Still, the freedom and capability of humans to change and structure the environment are highlighted. Thus their people tend to be more educated, healthier, children are more likely to survive, and adults tend to live longer than those in LDCs. The globalized nature of our economy and our environment causes pollutions and other environmental indignities to become concentrated in particular world regions. Value added is the gross value of the product minus the cost of raw materials and energy. AP Human Geography. Chapter 9 Key Issue 1 of The Cultural Landscape by James M. Rubenstein as presented by Andrew Patterson. AP Human Geography. In order to accurately calculate each of these dimensions for the HDI, a separate index is calculated for each of them based on the raw data gathered during studies. Moreover, what can you do about it? However, no single one of those components is ever the determining factor. The environmental justice movement, therefore, has expanded to ask critical questions about which human populations suffer the burdens of economic development, and which benefit the most from it. Inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI) Human Development Index (HDI) An indicator of the level of development for each country, constructed by the United Nations, that i based on income, literacy, education, and life expectancy. The bigger the number is between the (IHDI) and the (HDI) of a country the greater the _____. Literacy Rate. The first is called the primary sector, which are jobs directly related to the extraction of the Earth’s natural resources (e.g., forestry, raw materials, or agriculture). 6 months ago. These statistics show another facet of development. by 1000007765_42741. For example, a poorly designed city can force us to spend a lot of money on transportation, and we will still be stuck in traffic a lot. The UNDP claimed that economic prosperity as shown with real income per capita was not the only factor in measuring human development because these numbers do not necessarily mean a country’s people as a whole are better off. Standard of living refers to the level of wealth, happiness, comfort, and material goods, necessities available to a specific socioeconomic class in a particular geographic area. Take a look at this life expectancy map: A third way of looking at development is one based on end uses. Historical geography is the study of the historical dimensions of our world and is very important here. However, there is a dark side to this as well. Through AP courses in 38 subjects, each culminating in a challenging This board has resources I've found to help explain the concepts in the book. AP Human Geography Outline Cultural Landscape- defined by Carl Sauer, it is the area of Earth modified by human habitation. Even the Rosling video, which shows an animation over time, does not offer much in the way of explanation. Even though ecological factors like plants and animals for agriculture can help explain some significant patterns in development, such as why advanced civilization developed in Eurasia but not in Papua New Guinea, it cannot explain everything. ap human geography: claire simon: ... ap human geography vocabulary: ap human geography practice test: human geography examples: ap human geography textbook: definition of human geography: Prev. APHG: VI:B1 Explain social and economic measures of development – HDI… Gender-Related Development Index (GDI) Compares the level of development of women with that of both sexes. Here is one example of environmental justice in the United States; watch this video about Camden in New Jersey (4.5 minutes): However, environmental justice is not just a domestic American issue. The HDI was created by the United Nations Development Programme to provide the most updated information about the development status on countries. This can be seen in the following video on e-waste (or electronic waste) in Accra, Ghana’s capital city (6 minutes): When you no longer want an electronic device that you own, what do you do with it? From an ecocentric ethical view, that is a problem. Outside religious groups and nonprofit organizations support many of these schools. While most of the world’s undernourished live in low-income countries, is there an exception? By using ThoughtCo, you accept our, Criticisms of the Human Development Index. Gross National Product (GNP) is GDP plus any net income from trade. The test is administered by College Board. Term Definition; Development: ... Country that is at a relatively early stage in the process of economic development: Human Development Index (HDI) Indicator of level of development for each country constructed by the United Nations, combining income, literacy, education, and life expectancy. Edit. 0. What is essential to understand is that the patterns of development that we see have both environmental and social causes. 1 times. Menu Home; ... FRQ – Review October 2, 2019. AP Human Geography Chapter 9: Development What is the definition of Development? The Human Development Index uses different measurements of a population: . She holds an M.A. Capitalism: An economic system in which businesses are owned by private individuals and companies who are free to decide what to produce and how much to charge. Is there anything different? People tend to work longer into their life, preventing the advancement of younger generations. Many regions had good growing conditions, but of all the regions in the world, one had abundant plants and animals to use. Within the United States, the environmental justice movement has worked to show how the byproducts of development, such as chemical factories, waste facilities, and toxic chemicals, create hazardous conditions for people living near them. Search Thousands of Shmoop Videos. In this lesson, we'll take a look at geospatial data, what it is, and some examples of its use. Introduction to Human Geography by R. Adam Dastrup, MA, GISP is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. The standard of living includes factors such as income, quality and availability of employment, class disparity, poverty rate, quality and affordability of housing, hours of work required to purchase necessities, GDP, inflation rates, affordability to quality health care, quality and availability of education, life expectancy, incidence of disease, cost of goods and services, infrastructure, national economic growth, economic and political stability, political and religious freedom, environmental quality, to name a few. Development is thus about expanding the choices people have to lead lives that they value.”. Instead, there are countries at all points along the continuum from “developed” to “developing.”. Definition and Examples, The New 7 Wonders of the World: The Planet's Greatest Manmade Creations, The History of Singapore's Economic Development, Calculating Gross Domestic Product Using Value-Added Approach, United Nations Development Program (UNDP), United Nations Development Program website, M.A., Geography, California State University - East Bay, B.A., English and Geography, California State University - Sacramento. This is the definition of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Meanwhile, one can have many ends uses without much money. Key factors include the region’s growing conditions (including temperature, precipitation, latitude, and soils) and the types of plants and animals available for planting and domestication. Children also tend to have a higher survival rate, called infant mortality rates, in MDCs than in LDCs. Thus far, in the module, we have seen several examples in which development has increased health and quality of life. Edit. Do they deserve to be harmed by your e-waste? These activities are usually performed by women, so a focus on monetary statistics often brings significant underestimates of the contributions of women to society. French Guiana (in northern South America) is also not an independent country but is a territory of France. The environment can explain some of why advanced civilization emerged in Eurasia instead of elsewhere. College Board’s Advanced Placement® Program (AP®) enables willing and academically prepared students to pursue college-level studies—with the opportunity to earn college credit, advanced placement, or both—while still in high school. From our systems perspective, this is humanity impacting the environment, not the environment affecting humankind. The Human Development Index (HDI) measures the status of life in any given place based off of life expectancy, education levels, and income per capita. Furthermore, monetary statistics often overlook essential activities that do not involve money, such as cooking, cleaning, raising children, and even subsistence farming. The main motivation for the Human Development Report itself was a focus on only real income per capita as the basis for a country’s development and prosperity. More people in the world are obese than are hungry. 9th - 10th grade. The third and final dimension in the HDI is a country’s standard of living. All nations lie somewhere in the range of more developed countries (MDC) to less developed countries(LDC). To analyze the world based on various levels of development, the term development must be defined. Instead, there is a continuum of development around the world with no gap in the middle. Hans Rosling is a Swedish demographer and teacher who has gained global fame through lively videos about global demographics, in particular at the TED conferences. The distinction between the Dominican Republic and Haiti is even visible from space. These types of jobs include lawyers, doctors, educators, banking, retail, athletes, and others. One can have a high income or GDP and low quality of life. However, statistics like income and GDP are controversial. Despite these criticisms, the HDI continues to be used today and is important because it consistently draws the attention of governments, corporations, and international organizations to portions of development which focus on aspects other than income like health and education. However, this trend does not always hold. The HDI for each country is then calculated as an average of the three indices which include the life expectancy index, the gross enrollment index, and the gross domestic product. 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